1- In the infant, sutures separate the bones of the skull from one another. The areas where the major sutures intersect in the anterior and posterior portions of the skull are fontanelles. Discuss various problems associated with fontanelles. 2-3 paragraphs of 3 sentences each 3- APA style 4- 2 references not older than 2015
Fontanelles are soft spots on the skull of an infant where the bones have not yet fused together. These areas allow for flexibility and growth of the skull during the early stages of development. However, there are certain problems that can be associated with fontanelles.
One problem that can arise with fontanelles is the presence of a bulging fontanelle. This can be a cause for concern, as it may indicate increased intracranial pressure. The fontanelle becomes tense and bulges outward, which can be seen and felt by a healthcare professional. This can be a sign of conditions such as hydrocephalus, a buildup of fluid in the brain, or meningitis, an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Prompt medical evaluation is necessary if a bulging fontanelle is observed.
Conversely, a sunken fontanelle can also be a worrisome sign. It may indicate dehydration in the infant, as the fontanelle becomes sunken due to a lack of fluid. Dehydration can be caused by a variety of factors, including inadequate fluid intake, excessive fluid loss (e.g., from diarrhea or vomiting), or certain medical conditions. It is essential to seek medical attention if a sunken fontanelle is present, as dehydration can be a serious condition in infants.
Another problem associated with fontanelles is their delayed closure. Fontanelles usually close by the time an infant reaches 18-24 months of age. However, in some cases, fontanelles may take longer to close or may not close completely. This can be a result of conditions such as rickets, a disorder characterized by a deficiency of vitamin D, or certain genetic disorders. Delayed closure of fontanelles may require further medical investigation to determine the underlying cause.
In conclusion, fontanelles can present various problems in infants. It is important for caregivers and healthcare professionals to be aware of these issues and to seek medical attention if any concerning signs are observed, such as a bulging or sunken fontanelle. Prompt evaluation and appropriate management can help ensure the well-being and proper development of the infant.
References:
1. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Pediatric Care Online: Evaluation of an Infant with an Abnormal Fontanelle. Retrieved from https://pediatriccare.solutions.aap.org/Document?_init=false&segment=3627&id=255
2. Gomez, M. R. (2015). Delayed increased intracranial pressure with open cranial sutures. Paediatrics & Child Health, 20(5), 267-271.