1. List the pulses accessible to examination. 2. What is the scale that is used to grade the strength of the pulses? (Give the scale and the term associated with it) 3. Explain the term capacitance vessels. 4. List the risk factors for venous stasis. 5. Describe the function of the lymph nodes. 6. Name the organs that are part of the lymphatic system.

1. The pulses that are accessible to examination include:
– Radial pulse: Located at the wrist on the thumb side.
– Carotid pulse: Located in the neck, on either side of the trachea.
– Femoral pulse: Located in the groin area, in the crease between the abdomen and the thigh.
– Popliteal pulse: Located behind the knee, within the popliteal fossa.
– Dorsalis pedis pulse: Located on the top of the foot, between the first and second toes.
– Posterior tibial pulse: Located on the inner side of the ankle, behind the bony prominence (medial malleolus).

2. The scale used to grade the strength of pulses is called the “pulse grading scale.” This scale is commonly known as the “0 to 4 scale.” Each number on the scale represents a different level of pulse strength, with 0 indicating no palpable pulse and 4 indicating a bounding, full-strength pulse. The terms associated with the scale are as follows:
– 0: Absent pulse
– 1: Diminished or weak pulse
– 2: Normal or expected pulse
– 3: Increased or full pulse
– 4: Bounding or strong pulse

3. The term “capacitance vessels” refers to a type of blood vessels that have a high capacitance or storage capacity for blood. These vessels are also known as “veins.” Unlike arteries, which have a thick muscular wall and are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart, veins have thinner walls and are responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The high capacitance of veins allows them to stretch and accommodate a large volume of blood. This ability to store blood helps regulate blood flow and maintain blood pressure.

4. Risk factors for venous stasis, which refers to the sluggish or decreased blood flow in the veins, include:
– Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of physical activity or prolonged periods of sitting or immobility can impede blood flow in the veins.
– Obesity: Excessive body weight puts increased pressure on the veins, hampering blood flow.
– Pregnancy: The growing uterus exerts pressure on the veins in the pelvis, hindering blood flow.
– Age: With age, the elasticity of blood vessels decreases, and valves in veins may become less effective, leading to venous stasis.
– Smoking: Smoking damages blood vessels and impairs blood flow.
– Varicose veins: The presence of varicose veins, which are dilated and twisted veins, can contribute to venous stasis.
– Previous history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT): DVT can cause damage to the vein walls, resulting in impaired blood flow.

5. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the lymphatic system. They filter and cleanse the lymph fluid before it is returned to the bloodstream. Lymph nodes contain immune cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, which help in the defense against infections and other foreign substances. The lymph nodes also serve as sites for the activation and multiplication of immune cells, which play a crucial role in the body’s immune response. Additionally, the lymph nodes can indicate the presence of infection or disease when they become swollen or tender.

6. The organs that are part of the lymphatic system include:
– Lymph nodes: Small, bean-shaped structures found throughout the body.
– Spleen: Located in the upper left abdomen, the spleen filters and purifies the blood, removing old red blood cells and foreign substances.
– Thymus: Located in the upper chest, the thymus is responsible for the development and maturation of T lymphocytes, a type of immune cell.
– Tonsils: Palatine tonsils, located at the back of the throat, and other tonsils in the body help trap and remove pathogens.
– Peyer’s patches: Found in the lining of the digestive tract, Peyer’s patches are clusters of lymphatic tissue that help protect against harmful microorganisms.

These organs work together to maintain immune function and ensure proper circulation of lymph fluid throughout the body.