1.Stress and Disease: Describe the physiologic effects on body systems of increased cortisol levels released during the stress response. 2.Review the current research evidence from credible, scholarly sources and summarize the results of the effects and health risks of electromagnetic radiation (from cellular and cordless telephones, microwaves, computers, fluorescent lights, radar, and electronic equipment). Use at least one scholarly source other than your textbook to connect your response to national guidelines and evidence-based research in support of your ideas.
1. Introduction
Stress is a physiological and psychological response to perceived threats or challenges. When we encounter stressors, such as a traumatic event or a deadline at work, our bodies go through a series of physiological changes in what is known as the stress response. One of the key hormones involved in this response is cortisol, which is released by the adrenal glands in times of stress. In this essay, we will explore the physiological effects of increased cortisol levels on various body systems.
2. Effects of Cortisol on Body Systems
2.1 Cardiovascular System
During times of stress, cortisol acts on the cardiovascular system to increase heart rate and blood pressure. This is done in order to provide the body with the necessary energy and oxygen to deal with the stressor. However, chronic exposure to elevated cortisol levels due to chronic stress can lead to continuous high blood pressure, which may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and heart disease.
2.2 Immune System
Cortisol has suppressive effects on the immune system. In acute stress situations, this can be beneficial as it prevents inflammation and dampens immune reactions that could potentially be harmful. However, chronic exposure to high levels of cortisol can result in a weakened immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and illnesses. Furthermore, prolonged suppression of the immune system may impair the body’s ability to fight off diseases, leading to an increased risk of developing chronic conditions like autoimmune disorders.
2.3 Metabolism
Cortisol plays a role in regulating glucose metabolism. In response to stress, cortisol stimulates the release of glucose from the liver, providing a quick source of energy for the body to deal with the stressor. However, chronic exposure to cortisol can lead to increased blood glucose levels over time, potentially leading to the development of insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
2.4 Digestive System
Stress can also affect the digestive system. Cortisol inhibits digestive processes, such as the production of stomach acid and the contraction of smooth muscles in the digestive tract. This can lead to symptoms such as indigestion, stomach ulcers, and irritable bowel syndrome. Additionally, chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels can disrupt the balance of gut bacteria, which may further contribute to digestive issues.
2.5 Cognitive Function
High levels of cortisol can affect cognitive function. Chronic stress and cortisol exposure have been associated with memory and attention problems, as well as decreased overall cognitive performance. It is believed that the negative effects of cortisol on the hippocampus, a brain region involved in memory formation, may contribute to these cognitive impairments.
3. Review of Research on Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is the emission of energy in the form of waves or particles. It is present in various forms in our environment, including from cellular and cordless telephones, microwaves, computers, fluorescent lights, radar, and electronic equipment. The potential health risks of EMR have been a topic of concern and extensive research in recent years.
A study conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011 reviewed the available evidence on the health effects of EMR exposure from mobile phone use. The study concluded that there is no consistent evidence to support the existence of adverse health effects caused by EMR exposure from mobile phones. Additionally, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established guidelines for exposure limits to EMR, which are based on scientific research.
However, some studies have suggested possible associations between long-term exposure to EMR and health risks. For example, a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2011 reported an increased risk of tumors in the salivary gland among long-term mobile phone users. These findings raised concerns and highlighted the need for further research in this area.
In conclusion, increased cortisol levels during the stress response can have profound effects on various body systems, including the cardiovascular, immune, metabolic, digestive, and cognitive systems. Chronic exposure to elevated cortisol levels due to chronic stress can lead to a range of health issues. On the other hand, research on the health risks of electromagnetic radiation is ongoing, and while some studies suggest possible associations between EMR exposure and health risks, the overall evidence is inconclusive. National guidelines and evidence-based research play a crucial role in informing our understanding of the effects and risks of EMR exposure. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential health effects of long-term exposure to electromagnetic radiation.