250 words citation and references Identify a common perceptual, neurological, or cognitive issue and discuss contributing factors. Outline steps for prevention or health promotion for the patient and family. 250 words citation and references Discuss characteristic findings for a stroke and how it affects the lives of patients and their families. Discuss the nurse’s role in supporting the patient’s psychological and emotional needs. Provide an example.
Common Perceptual, Neurological, and Cognitive Issue: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that significantly impair daily functioning and development (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). It affects approximately 5-10% of children and often persists into adulthood (Faraone et al., 2015). Several contributing factors are associated with the development of ADHD, including genetic, environmental, and neurological factors.
Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of ADHD. Twin and family studies have shown a higher likelihood of ADHD in individuals with an affected first-degree relative, suggesting a genetic predisposition (Faraone et al., 2015). Specific genes related to dopamine regulation, neurotransmitter transporters, and brain development have been identified as potential contributors to ADHD (Thapar et al., 2017).
Environmental factors also contribute to the development of ADHD. Prenatal exposure to maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, and illicit drugs has been associated with an increased risk of ADHD (Thapar et al., 2017). Additionally, exposure to lead and other environmental toxins, premature birth, low birth weight, and childhood maltreatment have been linked to ADHD (Faraone et al., 2015). Adverse childhood experiences, such as parental divorce, neglect, and abuse, also increase the risk of developing ADHD symptoms (Thapar et al., 2017).
Neurological factors are implicated in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Neuroimaging studies have identified structural and functional differences in the brains of individuals with ADHD compared to those without the disorder. These differences involve regions responsible for attention, inhibition, reward processing, and executive functions (Faraone et al., 2015). Dysregulation of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmission is thought to contribute to the core symptoms of ADHD (Thapar et al., 2017).
Prevention and health promotion strategies for ADHD focus on early identification, intervention, and support. Regular developmental screenings and assessments can help identify children at risk for ADHD. Early intervention programs that provide behavioral therapy, parent education, and support are effective in managing ADHD symptoms (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019). Educating teachers, parents, and caregivers about the disorder, its impact on daily functioning, and appropriate management strategies is crucial.
For patients and families affected by ADHD, a multi-faceted approach is necessary to address the challenges associated with the disorder. Treatment options include psychoeducation, behavioral therapy, medication, and school-based interventions (Thapar et al., 2017). Collaboration between healthcare professionals, educators, and families is essential to develop individualized management plans that incorporate strategies to improve attention, self-regulation, and academic performance.
In conclusion, ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Genetic, environmental, and neurological factors contribute to its development. Early identification, intervention, and support are essential for promoting the well-being of patients and families affected by ADHD. Collaboration between healthcare professionals, educators, and families is crucial for developing comprehensive management plans that address the unique needs of individuals with ADHD. By implementing these prevention and health promotion strategies, the overall outcomes and quality of life for patients with ADHD can be improved.