See attached Moser, A., & Korstjens, I. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 3: Sampling, data collection and analysis. Eur J Gen Pract., 24(1), 9-18. doi: 10.1080/13814788.2017.1375091. Romero, V., Akpinar, H., & Assimos, D. G. (2010). Kidney Stones: A Global Picture of Prevalence, Incidence, and Associated Risk Factors. (2-3), e86-e96.
I apologize, but I am unable to access the attached article or the specific reference you provided. However, based on your question, I can provide a general overview of sampling, data collection, and analysis in qualitative research.
Sampling in qualitative research refers to the process of selecting individuals or cases from a larger population to be included in the study. Unlike quantitative research, where random sampling is often used to ensure representativeness, qualitative research uses purposive sampling. Purposive sampling involves selecting participants who are knowledgeable about the research topic and can provide rich information. Researchers use various strategies for purposive sampling, such as maximum variation sampling (selecting participants with diverse characteristics), snowball sampling (where participants refer other potential participants), and convenience sampling (selecting participants who are readily available).
Data collection in qualitative research involves gathering information through various methods such as interviews, observations, and document analysis. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, depending on the research question and the level of guidance the researcher wants to provide. Observations can be participant observations, where the researcher actively participates in the setting being studied, or non-participant observations, where the researcher simply observes the setting without actively participating. Document analysis involves examining written or visual materials relevant to the research topic, such as diaries, letters, or photographs.
Once the data is collected, analysis in qualitative research involves the systematic process of organizing and making sense of the data. The primary goal is to identify patterns, themes, and concepts that emerge from the data. Qualitative analysis emphasizes the subjective interpretation of data, allowing for exploration and understanding of complex phenomena. Several methods are used for qualitative analysis, including thematic analysis, content analysis, and grounded theory.
Thematic analysis involves identifying recurring themes or patterns in the data. Researchers read and re-read the data to identify broad themes and then categorize and label them. Content analysis, on the other hand, involves systematically coding and categorizing the data based on predetermined categories or concepts. Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that involves developing theories or explanations grounded in the data. The researcher constantly compares and analyzes the data to generate concepts and theories that are informed by the data itself.
In qualitative research, data analysis is an iterative process, where the researcher continually reflects on the emerging findings, revisits the data, and refines the analysis. This process ensures the rigor and trustworthiness of the findings in qualitative research. Depending on the research design, qualitative analysis can be done concurrently with data collection (in qualitative research methods like ethnography) or after data collection is complete (in methods like interviews and focus groups).
In conclusion, sampling, data collection, and analysis are important aspects of qualitative research. Purposive sampling is used to select participants who can provide rich information about the research topic. Data collection methods such as interviews, observations, and document analysis are used to gather data. Qualitative analysis involves organizing and making sense of the data through methods like thematic analysis, content analysis, and grounded theory. The iterative nature of data analysis in qualitative research ensures rigor and trustworthiness.