Older adults (OA) are at risk for potential hazards of hospitalization, these include: immobility, delirium, medication side effects, malnutrition, pressure ulcers, procedures, peri- and postoperative periods, and hospital-acquired infections and more. Discuss in detail three potential hazards for this population while in the hospital and identify potential prevention strategies for each hazard. 400 words. APA format
Introduction
Hospitalization can be a challenging experience for older adults (OA) due to their vulnerability and increased risk for potential hazards. These hazards can have adverse effects on their physical and mental health, prolong their hospital stay, and result in negative outcomes. In this paper, we will discuss and analyze three potential hazards that OA may face during their hospitalization: medication side effects, pressure ulcers, and hospital-acquired infections. Furthermore, we will identify potential prevention strategies for each hazard based on current evidence.
Medication Side Effects
One significant hazard that OA face during hospitalization is medication side effects. Older adults often have multiple comorbidities and are prescribed numerous medications, increasing their risk for adverse drug reactions. These side effects can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening complications, and they can significantly impact the well-being of older patients.
To prevent medication side effects in OA, several strategies can be implemented. First, a comprehensive medication review should be conducted upon admission to identify potentially inappropriate medications or drug-drug interactions. The Beers Criteria and the STOPP/START criteria have been developed specifically for this purpose and can guide healthcare providers in optimizing medication regimens for older patients (American Geriatrics Society 2019; O’Mahony et al., 2015). Moreover, healthcare professionals should consider age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes when prescribing medications to older patients. Dose adjustments and careful monitoring of drug levels can help mitigate the risk of adverse reactions (Hanlon et al., 2015). Patient education is also crucial, as OA should be informed about potential side effects and encouraged to report any new or worsening symptoms promptly.
Pressure Ulcers
Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores or pressure sores, are a common hazard in hospitalized OA due to immobility and prolonged bed rest. These ulcers result from prolonged pressure on the skin and underlying tissues, leading to tissue damage and potential infection. Pressure ulcers can cause significant pain, prolong hospital stays, and increase healthcare costs.
To prevent pressure ulcers in OA, various strategies should be utilized. Frequent repositioning and turning should be implemented to relieve pressure on vulnerable areas such as the sacrum, heels, and elbows (National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel et al., 2014). The use of specialized support surfaces, such as low-air-loss mattresses or foam overlays, can also help distribute pressure more evenly and reduce the risk of ulcers (Moore & Cowman, 2016). Additionally, adequate nutrition and hydration are essential for maintaining skin integrity. OA should receive a balanced diet rich in protein and sufficient fluids to ensure optimal healing and prevent dehydration (Romanelli et al., 2015). Finally, proper skin care, including regular cleaning and moisturizing, can help prevent skin breakdown and minimize the risk of pressure ulcers (Gorecki et al., 2014).
Hospital-Acquired Infections
Hospital-acquired infections are a significant concern for OA, who are more susceptible to infectious pathogens due to age-related immune system changes. These infections can result from various sources, including surgical sites, urinary catheters, respiratory devices, and contaminated healthcare equipment. Hospital-acquired infections can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in OA, prolong hospital stays, and increase healthcare costs.
To prevent hospital-acquired infections in OA, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. Healthcare providers should adhere to strict hand hygiene protocols, which include both handwashing and the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (Boyce et al., 2019). Aseptic techniques should be followed during invasive procedures, and the appropriate use of personal protective equipment should be ensured. Efficient surveillance programs can identify and manage potential outbreaks promptly (Allegranzi et al., 2011). Additionally, vaccination against preventable infections such as influenza and pneumococcus is essential for the protection of OA and should be strongly encouraged (Mangram et al., 1999). Education of healthcare staff and patients about infection prevention practices can also reduce the risk of hospital-acquired infections in this population.
Conclusion
Older adults in the hospital setting face various potential hazards that can have detrimental effects on their health and well-being. This paper discussed three significant hazards, including medication side effects, pressure ulcers, and hospital-acquired infections. Furthermore, preventative strategies for each hazard were identified, emphasizing comprehensive medication reviews, repositioning and turning, specialized support surfaces, hand hygiene, and vaccination. By recognizing and implementing these prevention strategies, healthcare providers can alleviate the risk and mitigate the impact of these hazards on older adults during their hospitalization.