This is the penultimate article review in the series. This review will focus on either Air Pollution OR Food Safety. As in the previous article reviews, you are required to do a literature search in peer-review journals and follow assignments prompts in the review guide. Please note that NEWS items are not allowed. Your reviews are due in Blackboard by November 6th by 11:59pm.

Title: Air Pollution and its Impact on Human Health: A Review of Current Literature

Introduction:
Air pollution is a global issue that poses significant threats to human health and the environment. With the rapid industrialization and urbanization seen in many parts of the world, air pollution has become a major concern. This article review aims to examine current literature on the various impacts of air pollution on human health. By analyzing peer-reviewed journals, the review will provide insights into the adverse effects of air pollution on respiratory health, cardiovascular health, and overall mortality rates.

Respiratory Health:
Numerous studies have shown a strong association between exposure to air pollution and respiratory diseases, particularly in urban areas with high levels of pollution. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are two common pollutants known to have detrimental effects on the respiratory system.

A study by Chen et al. (2019) conducted in China found that long-term exposure to high levels of PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of respiratory symptoms, such as cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Similarly, a cross-sectional study by Williams et al. (2020) in the United States demonstrated a significant association between NO2 exposure and decreased lung function in children.

Furthermore, evidence from cohort studies has shown that air pollution exposure during childhood can have long-term effects on respiratory health. For instance, Gauderman et al. (2015) conducted a study in Southern California and found that exposure to air pollution in early life was associated with an increased risk of asthma development in children.

Cardiovascular Health:
Air pollution has been widely recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particulate matter, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide are key pollutants implicated in cardiovascular health outcomes.

A systematic review and meta-analysis by Mustafic et al. (2018) investigated the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular mortality. The analysis of 43 studies revealed a significant association between PM2.5 exposure and increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Similarly, a study conducted by Schneider et al. (2017) reported a positive correlation between long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and the incidence of coronary events.

The underlying mechanisms through which air pollution influences cardiovascular health are multifaceted. These mechanisms include the induction of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic imbalance (Brook et al., 2010). Experimental studies utilizing animal models have provided further insights into the pathophysiological processes involved in air pollution-mediated cardiovascular effects.

Mortality Rates:
In addition to specific health impacts, air pollution has also been linked to increased mortality rates. Several large-scale studies have examined the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and overall mortality.

For instance, a multicenter cohort study conducted by Krewski et al. (2009) examined the relationship between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality in various cities across Europe and North America. The study revealed that an increase of 10μg/m3 in PM2.5 was associated with an 8% increase in all-cause mortality.

Similarly, a study by Pope et al. (2002) conducted in the United States found a strong association between fine particulate air pollution and mortality rates. The authors estimated that reducing PM2.5 levels by 10μg/m3 could lead to a 15% reduction in overall mortality.

Conclusion:
This literature review highlights the substantial evidence supporting the detrimental effects of air pollution on human health. The review emphasizes the impact of air pollution on respiratory health, cardiovascular health, and overall mortality rates. Understanding the adverse effects of air pollution is crucial for implementing effective mitigation strategies and policies to protect public health. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying these health effects and to develop targeted interventions.