*USE ONLY WHAT IS ATTACHED TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING* 1. Divide, label and give the meaning of the following terms: Tachypnea, hypoxemia, dysphonia , pneumoconiosis. 2. Emphysema, Pneumonia, Mesothelioma and COPD are four pathological conditions of the respiratory system.Define each one and briefly explain signs, symptoms, diagnosis and  treatment. 3. Read the respiratory system case study attached and answer the questions. Purchase the answer to view it

1.
a) Tachypnea is a medical term used to describe rapid breathing. It is characterized by an increase in the rate of breathing, typically more than 20 breaths per minute in adults. Tachypnea can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, such as respiratory infections, lung diseases, heart problems, or metabolic disorders.

b) Hypoxemia refers to low oxygen levels in the blood. It occurs when there is a decrease in the amount of oxygen being transported from the lungs to the rest of the body. Hypoxemia can lead to various symptoms, including shortness of breath, dizziness, confusion, rapid breathing, and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening. It is often associated with respiratory diseases or conditions that affect the lungs, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or asthma.

c) Dysphonia refers to a disorder or impairment of the voice. It is characterized by changes in the voice quality, pitch, or volume, making it difficult for an individual to produce clear and normal speech sounds. Dysphonia can be caused by various factors, including vocal cord nodules, vocal cord polyps, laryngeal tumors, or neurological conditions. Common symptoms may include hoarseness, vocal fatigue, breathiness, or difficulty in projecting the voice.

d) Pneumoconiosis is a condition characterized by the inflammation and scarring of the lungs due to the inhalation of mineral dust particles, usually over a prolonged period of exposure. It is commonly associated with occupational exposures, such as coal dust in coal miners (coal worker’s pneumoconiosis) or asbestos fibers in construction workers (asbestosis). Pneumoconiosis can lead to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and in advanced cases, it may cause progressive lung fibrosis, respiratory failure, or increased risk of lung cancer.

2.
a) Emphysema is a chronic lung condition characterized by the destruction and enlargement of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. This leads to reduced lung function and a decrease in the oxygen exchange capacity of the lungs. Symptoms of emphysema typically include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness. Diagnosis is based on medical history, physical examination, pulmonary function tests, and imaging studies like chest X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans. Treatment often involves a combination of medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, and in severe cases, supplemental oxygen or surgical interventions such as lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplantation.

b) Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms. Symptoms of pneumonia may vary but commonly include fever, cough (with sputum production), chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, chest X-rays or CT scans, and sometimes laboratory tests like blood cultures or sputum cultures. Treatment typically involves antibiotics (for bacterial pneumonia), antiviral or antifungal medications, plenty of fluids, rest, and sometimes hospitalization for severe cases.

c) Mesothelioma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that develops in the thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs (pleural mesothelioma), abdomen (peritoneal mesothelioma), or other organs. It is primarily caused by exposure to asbestos fibers. Symptoms of mesothelioma may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fluid buildup, weight loss, or fatigue. Diagnosis requires a combination of imaging tests (like chest X-rays, CT scans, or PET scans), biopsies, and laboratory analysis of tissue samples. Treatment options depend on the stage and location of the cancer but can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy drugs.

d) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitations, usually caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particles, most commonly from smoking. Symptoms of COPD often develop gradually and include chronic cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness. Diagnosis involves medical history assessment, physical examination, pulmonary function tests (such as spirometry), and imaging studies. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, improving lung function, and preventing exacerbations. It may include bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, supplemental oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lifestyle modifications. In later stages, lung transplantation may be considered.