THIS IS A GRADUATE NURSE PRATRITIONER PROGRAM. REPORT MUST BE OF GRADUATE LEVEL AND STANDARD WITH APPROPRIATE REFERENCE WITHIN 5 YEARS AND 7TH EDITION APA STYLE . MINIMUM OF 350 WORDS or all part of question asked in sub topic WITH AT LEAST 2 PEER REVIEW REFERENCE Summarize the pathology, etiology, modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors, pertinent signs and symptoms, diagnostics, treatment regimens to include both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, and nutritional approaches for the following. D
The following report will provide a comprehensive overview of the pathology, etiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostics, treatment regimens, and nutritional approaches for the condition listed below.
Condition: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
Pathology: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from a combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. In this condition, the body’s cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.
Etiology: The exact cause of T2DM is not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors. These include a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, family history of diabetes, ethnicity (particularly individuals of African, Hispanic, or Asian descent), and advancing age. Additionally, certain medical conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes can increase the risk of developing T2DM.
Modifiable Risk Factors: Modifiable risk factors for T2DM include obesity, physical inactivity, and poor dietary choices, such as a high intake of sugary beverages and processed foods. These factors can be addressed through lifestyle modifications, including regular physical activity and a healthy, balanced diet.
Nonmodifiable Risk Factors: Nonmodifiable risk factors for T2DM include age, family history of diabetes, and ethnicity. While these factors cannot be changed, individuals with these risk factors can still take steps to manage their condition through proper treatment and lifestyle changes.
Pertinent Signs and Symptoms: The signs and symptoms of T2DM can vary, but common ones include increased thirst and urination, fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing wounds, and recurrent infections. Some individuals may not experience any symptoms initially and may only be diagnosed through routine blood glucose screening.
Diagnostics: The diagnosis of T2DM is typically confirmed using a fasting plasma glucose test, an oral glucose tolerance test, or a hemoglobin A1C test. Fasting plasma glucose levels of 126 mg/dL or higher on two separate occasions are indicative of diabetes. An hemoglobin A1C level of 6.5% or higher also confirms the diagnosis.
Treatment Regimens: The management of T2DM includes both pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches.
Pharmacological Treatment: Oral antidiabetic agents, such as metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones, are commonly prescribed for the treatment of T2DM. These medications help to lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity. In some cases, insulin therapy may be necessary to achieve glycemic control.
Nonpharmacological Treatment: Nonpharmacological approaches play a crucial role in the management of T2DM and include lifestyle modifications such as regular physical activity, weight loss, and dietary changes. A well-balanced diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, can help control blood glucose levels and promote overall health.
Nutritional Approaches: The nutritional approach for individuals with T2DM focuses on carbohydrate counting, glycemic index/load, and portion control. Understanding the carbohydrate content of food is essential for managing blood glucose levels. Choosing low-glycemic index foods, which have a smaller impact on blood sugar levels, can also be beneficial. Additionally, portion control is crucial to prevent overeating and maintain a healthy weight.
In conclusion, T2DM is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. It can be effectively managed through a combination of pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches, including medication, lifestyle modifications, and nutritional interventions. Early detection and intervention are essential to prevent complications and optimize the health outcomes of individuals with T2DM.
References:
1. American Diabetes Association. (2020). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2020. Diabetes Care, 43(Supplement 1), S1-S212.
2. Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Hess-Fischl, A., … & Vivian, E. (2015). Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: A joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. The Diabetes Educator, 41(4), 417-430.