Answer the following questions only using the powerpoint or case study attached. 1. Define the following medical terms from the cardiovascular system: Sinoatrial node,  myocardium, sphygmomanometer, phlebotomy. 2. Bradycardia, Tetralogy of Fallot, coronary artery disease and  aneurysm are four pathological conditions of the cardiovascular system. Define each one and briefly explain signs, symptoms, diagnosis and  treatment. 3.  Read the cardiovascular system case study attached and answer the questions.

1. Define the following medical terms from the cardiovascular system:

a. Sinoatrial node: The sinoatrial (SA) node, also known as the sinus node, is a specialized group of cells located in the right atrium of the heart. It is responsible for initiating the electrical impulse that regulates the heart’s rhythmic contraction. The SA node acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker.

b. Myocardium: The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart’s wall and consists of specialized muscle tissue. It is responsible for the contraction of the heart, pumping blood to the rest of the body. The myocardium receives oxygen and nutrients through the coronary arteries.

c. Sphygmomanometer: A sphygmomanometer is a medical device used to measure blood pressure. It typically consists of an inflatable cuff, a pressure gauge, and a mechanism to deflate the cuff. By inflating the cuff and then slowly releasing the pressure, healthcare professionals can determine a patient’s systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

d. Phlebotomy: Phlebotomy is the process of collecting blood samples from a patient for diagnostic purposes or blood donation. It involves the puncture of a vein with a sterile needle and the withdrawal of blood into a collection tube or syringe.

2. Pathological conditions of the cardiovascular system:

a. Bradycardia: Bradycardia refers to an abnormally slow heart rate, typically defined as a resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute. Symptoms of bradycardia may include fatigue, dizziness, fainting, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made by evaluating the heart rate and rhythm through an electrocardiogram (EKG). Treatment may involve medications, pacemaker implantation, or addressing the underlying cause.

b. Tetralogy of Fallot: Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect characterized by a combination of four abnormalities: ventricular septal defect (a hole between the heart’s ventricles), pulmonary valve stenosis (narrowing of the valve controlling blood flow to the lungs), overriding aorta (the aorta sits over the hole in the ventricular septum), and right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the right ventricle). Signs and symptoms can include cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin), difficulty breathing, poor growth, and heart murmurs. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as echocardiography), and cardiac catheterization. Treatment usually involves surgical repair to correct the defects.

c. Coronary artery disease: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition characterized by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. This buildup can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart, resulting in chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and, in severe cases, heart attacks. Diagnosis is made based on symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), stress tests, and coronary angiography. Treatment may include lifestyle modifications, medications, and, in some cases, surgical interventions like angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting.

d. Aneurysm: An aneurysm refers to a localized dilation or bulging of a blood vessel wall, most commonly in arteries. Aneurysms can occur in different parts of the body, including the brain (cerebral aneurysms) and the aorta (aortic aneurysms). Symptoms may vary depending on the location and size of the aneurysm. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options depend on the size, location, and risk of rupture and may include monitoring, medication, or surgical repair.

3. Cardiovascular system case study questions: [Please attach the case study for detailed analysis and response]

Unfortunately, I do not have access to the attached case study. If you provide me with the case study, I would be more than happy to analyze it and answer any related questions you have.