Choose a common diagnosis resulting in neurological deficit in the older adult (i.e. Parkinson’s disease, transient ischemic attacks (TIA), or cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)) and identify the risk factors, symptom presentation, and nursing care for patients with these deficits. Also, search the Internet and locate Web sites that provide information about maintaining independence and limiting further injury in older adults with neurological deficits.
Introduction
Neurological deficits among older adults can have a significant impact on their overall health and well-being. These deficits can result from various diagnoses, including Parkinson’s disease, transient ischemic attacks (TIA), and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). This paper will focus on one of these common diagnoses and explore the risk factors, symptom presentation, and nursing care for patients with neurological deficits. Additionally, we will search the Internet to identify websites that provide information on maintaining independence and limiting further injury in older adults with neurological deficits.
Diagnosis: Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement, but can also cause cognitive impairments and psychological symptoms. It is prevalent in older adults, with a median age of onset around 60 years (de Rijk et al., 1997). The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but both genetic and environmental factors play a role (Dauer & Przedborski, 2003). Some risk factors for developing Parkinson’s disease include advancing age, male gender, exposure to certain pesticides, and a family history of the disease (Ascherio & Schwarzschild, 2016).
Symptom Presentation
The classic motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include resting tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability (Jankovic, 2008). These symptoms can vary greatly among individuals, making the diagnosis challenging in some cases. Additionally, non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and cognitive impairments can also occur (Antonini et al., 2017).
Nursing Care
Nursing care for patients with Parkinson’s disease aims to promote independence, manage symptoms, and prevent complications. Some key aspects of nursing care for these patients include:
1. Education: Providing comprehensive education to patients and their families about the disease, its progression, and available treatment options is crucial. This education should also include strategies to manage symptoms, such as medication management, exercise, and adaptive techniques to enhance mobility and activities of daily living (Andersen et al., 2004).
2. Medication management: Parkinson’s disease is typically managed through medication therapy, including dopamine replacement therapy. Nurses play a vital role in ensuring patients understand how to take their medications correctly and monitor for any adverse effects. Regular follow-up visits with healthcare providers are also important to adjust medication dosages as needed (Bronstein et al., 2010).
3. Fall prevention: Due to postural instability and potential gait disturbances, falls are a common concern in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Nurses should assess patients’ risk of falling and implement fall prevention strategies, such as promoting a safe environment, providing assistive devices, and educating patients on correct body mechanics and balance exercises (Allen et al., 2010).
4. Nutritional support: Many patients with Parkinson’s disease may experience difficulty with chewing and swallowing, leading to weight loss and malnutrition. Nurses should collaborate with dietitians and speech therapists to ensure patients receive adequate nutrition and hydration, which may involve modifying food textures or providing alternative feeding methods (Hoehn & Yahr, 1967).
Websites providing information on maintaining independence and limiting further injury in older adults with neurological deficits
The Internet offers a wealth of resources for older adults with neurological deficits and their caregivers. Two reputable websites that provide information on maintaining independence and limiting further injury in this population include the National Parkinson Foundation (NPF) and the American Stroke Association (ASA).
The NPF website (www.parkinson.org) offers a vast array of resources, including educational materials, blog articles, and community support forums. It provides information on managing symptoms, medication options, exercise programs, and tips for daily living. Additionally, the NPF offers support groups and educational events that can help older adults with Parkinson’s disease connect with others facing similar challenges.
The ASA website (www.stroke.org) is a valuable resource for individuals affected by stroke and their caregivers. It offers information on stroke prevention, symptoms, rehabilitation, and support services. The website also features educational materials aimed at promoting independence and reducing the risk of recurrent strokes.