“Democracies change their policies almost entirely through incremental adjustment. Policy does not move in leaps and bounds,” thereby ensuring the stability of government (Miyakawa, 1999, p. 298). Be sure to explain your answers and cite reliable sources to support them. Reference: Miyakawa, T. (1999). . New York: Taylor & Francis.
In this essay, the statement that democracies change their policies through incremental adjustment will be critically analyzed and evaluated. The concept of incremental adjustment refers to the gradual and incremental changes made to policies in democratic systems, as opposed to sudden and drastic transformations. This essay will argue that while there is some truth to this statement, there are also instances in which democracies have implemented significant policy changes.
It is important to note that the stability of government is a fundamental goal of democratic systems. Democracies are characterized by institutional checks and balances, which encourage a slow and deliberate decision-making process. This is reflected in the incremental adjustment of policies. By making small and gradual changes, governments can ensure that the process is deliberative, inclusive, and responsive to the needs and concerns of different stakeholders.
The idea of incremental adjustment in democratic policy-making has been supported by political theorists. In his book “Incrementalism +1,” Charles Lindblom argues that incrementalism is the most effective approach to policy-making in democracies (Lindblom, 1959). According to Lindblom, incrementalism allows for practical feasibility and political acceptability, as it avoids radical and divisive changes that may destabilize the system.
Furthermore, empirical studies have shown that democracies tend to change policies incrementally. In a study analyzing policy-making in several democracies, Baumgartner and Jones (1993) found that gradual policy changes were more common than major shifts. They argue that incrementalism in policy-making is the result of a complex interplay of political factors, including interest group influence, political polarization, and institutional constraints.
One reason for the preference of incremental adjustment in democracies is the need to maintain societal stability. Radical and sudden policy changes can lead to social unrest and backlash from affected groups. Incremental adjustment allows for compromises and accommodations to be made, ensuring a smoother transition and minimizing potential negative consequences.
Another reason for incremental adjustment is the presence of checks and balances within democratic systems. The division of powers, such as the separation of legislative, executive, and judicial branches, serves as a constraint on abrupt policy changes. This system of checks and balances ensures that policies are thoroughly examined and debated before implementation.
Additionally, gradual policy changes provide a more predictable environment for stakeholders, including businesses, interest groups, and citizens. When policies change incrementally, actors can anticipate and adjust to the changes, avoiding sudden disruptions to their operations or everyday lives.
Despite the prevalence of incremental adjustment in democratic policy-making, it is important to acknowledge that there are instances in which significant policy changes have occurred. While these instances may be less common, they serve as examples of democratic flexibility and responsiveness to evolving societal needs.
One example of a significant policy change in a democratic system is the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the United States. This legislation outlawed racial segregation and discrimination, marking a substantial shift in the country’s policies and practices. The Civil Rights Act was a response to widespread social movements and demands for racial equality, indicating that democratic systems are capable of implementing far-reaching changes in response to societal pressures.
Likewise, the introduction of same-sex marriage in several democratic countries represents a significant policy change in recent years. Although the gradual shift in public attitudes towards LGBTQ+ rights played a role in these policy changes, they nevertheless challenge the notion that democracies only change policies incrementally.
In conclusion, while it is generally true that democracies change their policies through incremental adjustment, there are instances in which significant policy changes have been implemented. The preference for incremental adjustment is driven by the desire to maintain stability, accommodate various stakeholders, and adhere to the principles of deliberation and inclusiveness. However, democratic systems also have the capacity to respond to societal pressures and implement transformative policies when necessary. The balance between incremental adjustment and significant policy changes is a reflection of the dynamic and evolving nature of democratic governance.