Discussion Question 1 Choose one sexually transmitted illness (STI). Discuss the presenting signs and symptoms, exam findings, diagnostic testing, evidence based treatment, and patient education. Discussion Question 2 Does Tanner staging vary from culture to culture? Why or why not? Support your answers with citations, giving an example of one culture. Discussion Question 3 Discuss the Bethesda Classification of Pap smear testing and evaluation. What are some common causes of abnormal Pap smear results? What treatments would you recommend?
Discussion Question 1: Sexually Transmitted Illness (STI)
Sexually transmitted illnesses (STIs) are infections that are primarily transmitted through sexual contact. One common STI is chlamydia. Chlamydia is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis and can affect both men and women. In this discussion, we will explore the presenting signs and symptoms of chlamydia, exam findings, diagnostic testing, evidence-based treatment, and patient education.
Presenting signs and symptoms of chlamydia can vary between men and women. In women, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pain or burning during urination, and lower abdominal pain. However, it is important to note that most women with chlamydia do not experience any symptoms at all. Men with chlamydia may experience a discharge from the penis, pain or burning during urination, and testicular pain or swelling. Similarly to women, many men with chlamydia may not show any symptoms.
During a physical examination, healthcare providers may observe certain findings in individuals suspected of having chlamydia. In women, the provider may notice redness or swelling of the cervix (cervicitis) during a speculum examination. In men, the provider may identify discharge from the penis or inflammation of the urethra (urethritis). However, it is important to note that physical examination findings are not always present in individuals with chlamydia.
Diagnostic testing is crucial for the accurate diagnosis of chlamydia. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are the most sensitive and specific diagnostic tests available for chlamydia. These tests detect the genetic material of the Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria. NAATs can be performed using various samples, such as urine, vaginal or cervical swabs in women, and urethral swabs in men. It is important to mention that routine screening for chlamydia is recommended for sexually active women under the age of 25, as well as older women who have risk factors such as new sexual partners or inconsistent condom use.
Evidence-based treatment for chlamydia involves the use of antibiotics. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the use of azithromycin or doxycycline as first-line treatment options. Azithromycin is typically given as a single dose, while doxycycline is taken for a course of seven days. It is important for individuals diagnosed with chlamydia to complete the full course of antibiotics, even if symptoms improve before the treatment is finished. Additionally, sexual partners of individuals with chlamydia should also be tested and treated to prevent reinfection.
Patient education is a crucial aspect of managing chlamydia. Patients should be educated about the importance of completing the full course of antibiotics, potential side effects of the medication, and the need for follow-up testing after treatment. Patients should also be advised to abstain from sexual activity or engage in safe sexual practices to prevent transmission of the infection to others. Furthermore, healthcare providers should discuss the potential long-term consequences of untreated chlamydia, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, which can lead to infertility.
In conclusion, chlamydia is a common STI caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. Its signs and symptoms can vary between men and women, and many individuals with chlamydia may not experience any symptoms at all. Diagnostic testing, specifically NAATs, is essential for accurate diagnosis. Evidence-based treatment involves the use of antibiotics, and patient education is crucial for successful management and prevention of complications. It is important to emphasize the importance of routine screening, timely diagnosis, and appropriate treatment to prevent the spread of chlamydia and its potential complications.