Disease to Treatment : Using your textbooks and complete the empty squares on the table below to match specific diseases with their pathology, pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment. Be sure to use appropriate medical terminology when adding information. You should review two different sources at a minimum to develop your brief synopses. Purchase the answer to view it
Disease Pathology Pathophysiology Pharmacological Treatment
1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to an absolute insulin deficiency. It is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies, such as islet cell antibodies (ICA) and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. The destruction of pancreatic beta cells leads to impaired insulin production, resulting in hyperglycemia. The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas, preventing the production of insulin. This leads to the inability of the body to regulate blood glucose levels. The primary treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus is exogenous insulin administration. This can be achieved through multiple daily injections or insulin pumps. Additionally, patients with type 1 diabetes may require other medications such as pramlintide, which helps regulate blood sugar levels after meals.
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial joints and subsequent joint destruction. It is believed to result from a combination of genetic factors and environmental triggers. In RA, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium, which is the thin membrane that lines the joints. This leads to inflammation, thickening of the synovium, and increased production of synovial fluid. Over time, this chronic inflammation can cause damage to the cartilage and bone within the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and deformity. Pharmacological treatment for RA aims to reduce inflammation, relieve symptoms, and slow disease progression. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen, are often used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate and sulfasalazine are commonly used to slow disease progression and prevent joint damage. Biologic agents, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitors, can also be used for patients who do not respond to traditional DMARDs.
3. Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) An acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when there is a sudden blockage of blood flow to a part of the heart muscle. This blockage is usually caused by a blood clot that forms on top of a plaque buildup in the coronary artery, leading to a complete or partial occlusion of the blood vessel. The lack of blood flow results in ischemia, depriving the heart muscle of oxygen and nutrients. Consequently, the affected heart muscle cells become damaged or die. The primary goal of pharmacological treatment in AMI is to restore blood flow to the affected area of the heart as quickly as possible. This is typically achieved with the administration of thrombolytic agents, such as alteplase or tenecteplase, which dissolve the blood clot causing the blockage. Additionally, antiplatelet medications, such as aspirin and clopidogrel, are usually prescribed to prevent further clot formation. Beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may also be used to improve recovery and prevent future cardiovascular events.
4. Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. It is associated with the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Amyloid-beta plaques are formed by the aggregation of abnormal proteins outside the neurons, while neurofibrillary tangles are twisted fibers made up of a protein called tau, which accumulates inside the neurons. The precise mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s disease are not fully understood, but it is believed that these abnormalities disrupt communication between brain cells and lead to their dysfunction and eventual death. Pharmacological treatment for Alzheimer’s disease aims to alleviate symptoms and slow disease progression. Cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, are commonly used to enhance the levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory and cognition. Memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, can also be prescribed to regulate glutamate, another neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory processes. These medications have been shown to temporarily improve cognitive function and manage behavioral symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
In conclusion, the table above provides a brief overview of the pathology, pathophysiology, and pharmacological treatment for four different diseases. It is important to note that these synopses only scratch the surface of the complex nature of each condition and the treatment options available. Further research and consultation with healthcare professionals are recommended for a comprehensive understanding of these diseases and their management.