Disease to Treatment Using your textbooks and complete the empty squares on the table below to match specific diseases with their pathology, pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment. Be sure to use appropriate medical terminology when adding information. You should review two different sources at a minimum to develop your brief synopses.

Introduction

Medical science has made significant advancements in understanding various diseases, their underlying pathology, pathophysiology, and developing effective pharmacological treatments. This assignment aims to match specific diseases with their corresponding pathology, pathophysiology, and pharmacological treatment. The information provided will be based on thorough review and analysis of two reliable sources, ensuring accuracy and comprehensive understanding of each disease.

Table: Diseases, Pathology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacological Treatment

1. Influenza

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an acute respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus. The pathology of influenza involves the invasion of the respiratory system, specifically the upper and lower respiratory tract, by the influenza virus. The virus primarily affects the respiratory epithelial cells, causing inflammation and damage.

The pathophysiology of influenza is characterized by the viral replication within the respiratory epithelial cells. The infection leads to the release of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, resulting in local inflammation and the activation of the immune response. This immune response further contributes to the symptoms of fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, and fatigue.

The pharmacological treatment of influenza involves antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza). These medications work by inhibiting the viral neuraminidase enzyme, thereby preventing the release of viral particles from infected cells. Early initiation of antiviral treatment within 48 hours of symptom onset is crucial for its effectiveness in reducing the duration and severity of influenza symptoms.

2. Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) due to deficient insulin production or impaired insulin action. The pathology of diabetes involves dysfunction of the pancreatic beta cells, responsible for insulin production, or insulin resistance in target tissues.

The pathophysiology of diabetes varies depending on the type of diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leads to an absolute insulin deficiency. In contrast, type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where the target tissues fail to respond adequately to insulin. This results in elevated blood glucose levels.

The pharmacological treatment of diabetes aims to normalize blood glucose levels and prevent complications. For type 1 diabetes, exogenous insulin replacement therapy is the mainstay of treatment. This can be achieved through multiple daily injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (insulin pump). In type 2 diabetes, various oral antidiabetic agents, such as metformin, sulfonylureas, or thiazolidinediones, are used to improve insulin sensitivity or stimulate insulin release. In some cases, insulin therapy may also be required.

3. Asthma

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and excessive mucus production. The pathology of asthma involves a hypersensitivity reaction of the airways to various triggers, leading to reversible obstruction and airflow limitation.

The pathophysiology of asthma primarily involves the activation of mast cells in the airway mucosa, which release inflammatory mediators (e.g., histamine, leukotrienes) upon exposure to triggers, such as allergens or irritants. This triggers an inflammatory response, causing bronchial smooth muscle contraction, mucus hypersecretion, and edema.

The pharmacological treatment of asthma focuses on relieving symptoms, preventing exacerbations, and improving overall lung function. Short-acting bronchodilators, such as albuterol, are used for acute relief of bronchoconstriction. Long-acting bronchodilators (e.g., salmeterol) and inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone) are used for maintenance therapy to reduce airway inflammation and prevent symptoms. In severe cases, oral corticosteroids may be required for a short duration.

4. Hypertension

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a chronic condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure levels. The pathology of hypertension involves increased peripheral vascular resistance, impaired vasodilation, or excessive fluid volume retention.

The pathophysiology of hypertension can vary depending on the underlying causes, which may include renal dysfunction, hormonal imbalances, or genetic factors. Increased sympathetic nervous system activity, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and endothelial dysfunction contribute to the elevation of blood pressure.

The pharmacological treatment of hypertension aims to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications. Various antihypertensive medications, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril), diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide), calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine), or beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol), are used to reduce blood pressure through different mechanisms. The choice of medication depends on the individual’s specific characteristics and comorbidities. Lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, regular exercise, and stress reduction techniques, are also important adjunctive measures for managing hypertension.

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