Disease to Treatment : Using your textbooks complete the empty squares on the table below to match specific diseases with their pathology, pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment. Be sure to use appropriate medical terminology when adding information. You should review two different sources at a minimum to develop your brief synopses.

Hypertension is a chronic medical condition characterized by high blood pressure. It is often caused by damage to blood vessels, which can be the result of various factors such as smoking, obesity, and genetic predisposition. Pathologically, hypertension leads to structural changes in the arteries, including thickening and narrowing of the blood vessels. This can result in decreased blood flow and compromised organ function. The pathophysiology of hypertension involves increased blood pressure due to an imbalance between the cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Several pharmacological treatments are commonly used to manage hypertension. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as lisinopril and enalapril, work by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby reducing vasoconstriction and fluid retention. Beta blockers, such as metoprolol and propranolol, block the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine, leading to decreased heart rate and blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers, such as amlodipine and verapamil, prevent calcium from entering muscle cells in the blood vessels, resulting in vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either insufficient insulin production or ineffective use of insulin. The pathology of diabetes mellitus involves dysfunction of the pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for producing insulin. This can be caused by autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in type 1 diabetes or impaired insulin secretion and action in type 2 diabetes. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus involves the inability of insulin to facilitate the uptake of glucose by cells, leading to hyperglycemia. Managing diabetes mellitus often requires pharmacological interventions. Insulin injections, such as regular insulin and insulin glargine, are commonly used to replace the deficient insulin and regulate blood sugar levels. Oral hypoglycemic agents, such as metformin and sulfonylureas, stimulate insulin release or improve insulin sensitivity. Insulin sensitizers, such as thiazolidinediones, enhance the effects of insulin on target tissues. Additionally, lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise, are essential in managing diabetes mellitus.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and bronchoconstriction. Pathologically, asthma leads to inflammation of the airways, which can be triggered by allergens, pollutants, or exercise. This inflammation can cause the airway walls to swell and produce excessive mucus, leading to narrowing of the airways. The pathophysiology of asthma involves bronchoconstriction, increased production of mucus, and inflammation of the airway walls. Pharmacological treatments for asthma focus on relieving symptoms and preventing exacerbations. Short-acting bronchodilators, such as albuterol and levalbuterol, provide rapid relief by relaxing the smooth muscles of the airways. Long-acting bronchodilators, such as salmeterol and formoterol, provide sustained bronchodilation for long-term control. Inhaled corticosteroids, such as fluticasone and budesonide, reduce airway inflammation and help prevent asthma attacks.

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. Pathologically, Alzheimer’s disease is associated with the accumulation of plaques and tangles in the brain. Plaques are formed by the buildup of beta-amyloid protein, while tangles consist of twisted tau protein fibers. These abnormalities lead to the degeneration and death of nerve cells in the brain. The pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease involves the disruption of normal neuronal communication and the loss of brain cells. Pharmacological treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease aim to manage symptoms and slow disease progression. Cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil and rivastigmine, block the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning. This leads to increased levels of acetylcholine in the brain, which can help improve cognitive function. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, such as memantine, regulate the activity of glutamate, a neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory. These medications help reduce the toxic effects of excessive glutamate. Antioxidants, such as vitamin E, may also be used as adjunctive therapies to reduce oxidative stress and protect brain cells.

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