Hello, this is an assignment from Med Sur. Please fill in each file, the first file is from System Disorder (Diabetic Ketoacidosis) and the other three files are from Medication (Regular Insulin, Fentanyl, Ondansetron), it is a total of four files that you will have to do. 1. ATI Active Learning Template: System Disorder (Diabetic Ketoacidosis) ATI System Disorder 2.  ATI Active Learning Template:

Medication (Regular Insulin) ATI Medication 3. ATI Active Learning Template: Medication (Fentanyl) ATI Medication 4. ATI Active Learning Template: Medication (Ondansetron) ATI Medication

Please provide the necessary information for each file, including a brief overview of the topic, key points to remember, and any additional relevant information. Make sure to use a formal and analytical writing style appropriate for a PhD level work.

ATI Active Learning Template: System Disorder (Diabetic Ketoacidosis)

Overview:
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs predominantly in individuals with type 1 diabetes but can also affect those with type 2 diabetes. DKA is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis. Insufficient or ineffective insulin, along with increased counter-regulatory hormones such as glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone, leads to increased hepatic glucose production, impaired glucose utilization by peripheral tissues, and increased lipolysis. These processes result in the production of ketones as an alternative energy source, leading to ketoacidosis.

Key Points to Remember:
1. Pathophysiology: DKA is primarily caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, and ketosis. This results in dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and acidosis.
2. Clinical Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of DKA include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, fatigue, fruity breath odor, abdominal pain, hyperventilation (Kussmaul respirations), altered mental state, and dehydration.
3. Diagnostic Criteria: DKA diagnosis is based on the presence of hyperglycemia (blood glucose level >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and an anion gap metabolic acidosis (pH <7.3, bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). 4. Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement: The initial management of DKA involves fluid resuscitation with isotonic saline to restore intravascular volume and correct dehydration. Once the patient is stabilized, they may require potassium replacement and correction of electrolyte imbalances. 5. Insulin Therapy: Regular insulin is the preferred treatment for DKA as it has a short onset and duration of action. It should be administered intravenously as a continuous infusion until the resolution of DKA. IV insulin therapy should be followed by subcutaneous long-acting insulin to prevent relapse of DKA. 6. Monitoring and Complications: Close monitoring of blood glucose, electrolytes, ketones, and acid-base status is essential in managing DKA. Complications of DKA include cerebral edema, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and acute kidney injury. Additional Information: - DKA is more common in individuals with type 1 diabetes due to the lack of endogenous insulin production. However, it can also occur in type 2 diabetes if there is a significant decrease in insulin secretion or an increase in insulin resistance. - DKA can be triggered by factors such as infections, inadequate insulin treatment, emotional stress, trauma, and certain medications. - Treatment of DKA involves a multi-faceted approach with fluid and electrolyte management, insulin therapy, correction of underlying causes, and close monitoring of the patient's condition. - Education and prevention are crucial in managing DKA. Patients with diabetes should be educated about the importance of glycemic control, recognition of symptoms, and regular monitoring of blood glucose levels. They should also be aware of the risk factors and triggers for DKA and how to respond appropriately. ATI Active Learning Template: Medication (Regular Insulin) Overview: Regular insulin is a short-acting insulin used to manage diabetes mellitus. It is a synthetic form of human insulin that has an onset of action within 30 minutes, peak action at 2-4 hours, and a duration of action of 5-7 hours. Regular insulin is administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously and can be used in the treatment of DKA, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, and in combination with other insulins for glycemic control. Key Points to Remember: 1. Indications: Regular insulin is indicated for the treatment of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus, including DKA and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. It is also used in combination with other insulins for glycemic control. 2. Action: Regular insulin has a rapid onset of action and is short-acting. It works by promoting glucose uptake by peripheral tissues, inhibiting hepatic glucose production, and promoting glycogen synthesis. 3. Administration: Regular insulin can be given subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously. Subcutaneous administration is the most common route and is often used for self-administration by patients. Intravenous administration is reserved for acute situations such as in DKA when rapid glucose control is needed. 4. Dosage and Timing: The dosage and timing of regular insulin administration depend on the patient's individual needs and the desired therapeutic effect. It is important to closely monitor blood glucose levels and adjust dosages as necessary to achieve glycemic control. 5. Adverse Effects: Adverse effects of regular insulin include hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, and local reactions at the injection site. Hypoglycemia can occur if the insulin dosage is too high or if there is an imbalance between insulin dosage and carbohydrate intake. 6. Patient Education: Patients should be educated about proper insulin administration techniques, including the use of insulin syringes and pens. They should also be aware of the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and how to manage it. Additionally, patients should understand the importance of regular monitoring of blood glucose levels and adherence to prescribed treatment regimens. Additional Information: - Regular insulin is a clear solution and should not be mixed with other insulins unless specifically prescribed. It should be visually inspected for any changes in color, clarity, or presence of particulate matter before administration. - Hypoglycemia is a potential adverse effect of regular insulin. Patients should be taught to recognize and manage hypoglycemia by consuming a source of glucose such as fruit juice, glucose tablets, or candy. - Regular insulin can interact with other medications, including certain oral antidiabetic agents, beta-blockers, and corticosteroids. Patients should be counseled about these potential drug interactions and the need to monitor their blood glucose levels closely. - Storage of regular insulin is important to maintain its effectiveness. It should be refrigerated but not frozen. Once opened, it can be stored at room temperature for up to 28 days, but it should be discarded if not used within that period. This is the first 800 words of the assignment.