Identify at least two means of communication used by the ancient American civilizations  (Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Inka, Nasca). Then, compare and contrast (differences and/or similarities) their functions in their respective societies? Discuss whether there are any features they have in common? Explain. Next, describe how the ancient American means of communication have evolved in the modern society. Please elaborate by writing at least two well-developed paragraphs of at least five sentences each.

The ancient American civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Inka, and Nasca, utilized various means of communication to convey messages and preserve their cultural knowledge. Two prominent methods employed by these civilizations were writing systems and visual art.

Writing systems played a crucial role in communication for several of these civilizations. The Maya, for example, developed a sophisticated writing system known as hieroglyphs. This system consisted of ideograms and phonetic signs, enabling the Maya to convey both pictorial and phonetic information. The hieroglyphs were inscribed on stone monuments, painted on ceramics, and recorded in codices, facilitating the transmission of knowledge and historical accounts. Similarly, the Aztecs had their own writing system called Nahuatl script, which utilized pictograms to represent different concepts and phrases. Although this system was primarily used for administrative and calendrical purposes, it also served as a means of preserving important religious, historical, and cultural information.

Visual art, such as sculptures, murals, and pottery, was another fundamental means of communication in ancient American civilizations. The Olmec civilization, considered the mother culture of Mesoamerica, produced intricate stone sculptures that conveyed artistic and religious symbolism. These sculptures depicted deities, rulers, and various mythological narratives, providing insights into the Olmec belief system. Similarly, the Nasca civilization utilized an extensive system of geoglyphs, large-scale drawings on the desert floor, to communicate messages related to their religious and ceremonial practices. These geoglyphs depicted animals, plants, and geometric shapes, potentially serving as markers or pathways for rituals and processionals.

While there are clear differences in precise forms and functions, there are several features that writing systems and visual art have in common across the ancient American civilizations. Firstly, both these means of communication served as repositories of cultural and historical knowledge, allowing for the transmission and preservation of important information across generations. Whether through hieroglyphic inscriptions or intricate sculptures, these civilizations sought to immortalize their histories, mythologies, and cosmologies. Secondly, both writing systems and visual art were often intertwined with religious practices. They were used to convey the beliefs, rituals, and concepts central to the spiritual life of these civilizations. This integration of religious symbolism in communication reinforced the spiritual and social cohesion of the societies.

In modern society, the means of communication in ancient American civilizations have evolved and adapted to new technologies and cultural shifts. Writing systems have undergone significant transformations since the days of the hieroglyphs and Nahuatl script. The phonetic sign component of hieroglyphs, for instance, led to the development of the modern writing system for Mayan languages. This system, known as the Maya script, is now used by some indigenous communities to promote cultural revitalization and educational empowerment. Additionally, the decipherment of Aztec and Maya scripts by scholars has greatly enriched our understanding of these civilizations’ history and cultural practices.

The influence of ancient American visual art is evident in modern society as well. The intricate craftsmanship and symbolic representations found in the sculptures, pottery, and murals have influenced contemporary art movements, particularly among indigenous artists. These artistic practices have been transformed and adapted, combining traditional forms with contemporary techniques and mediums to convey modern interpretations of ancient themes. Furthermore, the Nasca geoglyphs continue to fascinate archaeologists, researchers, and tourists alike. The advent of aerial photography and satellite imaging has allowed for a more in-depth study and preservation of these geoglyphs, contributing to our understanding of ancient American civilizations.

In conclusion, the ancient American civilizations employed various means of communication, including writing systems and visual art, to transmit knowledge and convey cultural messages. While there are differences in precise forms and functions, these means of communication shared common features, such as their role in preserving cultural knowledge and their integration with religious practices. In modern society, the ancient American means of communication have evolved and found new forms in the realms of education, cultural revitalization, contemporary art, and technological advancements.