Module 7 You will perform a history of a neurologic problem that your instructor has provided you or one that you have experienced and perform an assessment of the neurologic system. You will document your subjective and objective findings, identify actual or potential risks, and submit this in a Word document to the drop box provided.
History of Neurologic Problem: Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects cognitive functioning. The disease was first described by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1906 when he noticed significant changes in the brain tissue of a patient who had presented with progressive memory loss, confusion, and language difficulties. Over the years, AD has become one of the most common forms of dementia, accounting for approximately 60-80% of all cases.
AD is characterized by the accumulation of two abnormal protein structures in the brain: beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. These accumulations lead to the destruction of brain cells and disruption of neuronal communication, resulting in the cognitive decline seen in individuals with AD.
The onset of AD is typically insidious, with symptoms manifesting gradually and worsening over time. Memory loss is the hallmark symptom of the disease, particularly affecting recent memory. Individuals may have difficulty remembering conversations, appointments, and the sequence of events. Other cognitive impairments that may develop include language difficulties, impaired judgment, and difficulties with problem-solving and decision-making. As the disease progresses, individuals may also display behavioral and psychological symptoms, such as agitation, depression, and hallucinations.
To assess the neurologic system of an individual with AD, a comprehensive evaluation is necessary. The assessment may include both subjective and objective components.
Subjective findings involve gathering information about the individual’s medical history, symptoms, and any known risk factors. It is essential to obtain a detailed history of the individual’s cognitive decline, including the timeline and progression of symptoms. Inquiring about any additional symptoms, such as changes in mood or behavior, can also provide valuable insights into the disease trajectory. Obtaining a complete medical history, including any comorbidities and medications, is crucial in understanding the overall health of the individual.
Objective findings involve conducting a thorough physical and neurological examination. The physical examination aims to assess general health and screen for any underlying conditions that may contribute to cognitive impairment. Vital signs, such as blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature, are assessed. Additionally, a comprehensive neurological examination is conducted to evaluate sensory functioning, motor skills, coordination, and reflexes. Assessment of cranial nerves can also reveal any abnormalities that may be indicative of neurologic dysfunction.
In addition to the physical and neurological examination, various diagnostic tests may be utilized to further evaluate the neurologic system in individuals with AD. These tests may include neuroimaging studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography (PET), which can detect structural and functional changes in the brain. Neurocognitive testing, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), can provide a quantitative assessment of an individual’s cognitive functioning.
Identifying actual or potential risks is essential in the management of AD. Some of the known risk factors for the development of AD include advanced age, family history of the disease, and certain genetic mutations. It is important to discuss these risk factors with the individual and their family to develop appropriate strategies for monitoring and managing the disease. Other potential risks may include comorbid conditions, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease, as these can contribute to the progression of cognitive decline.
In conclusion, Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects cognitive functioning. Assessing the neurologic system of individuals with AD involves gathering a thorough history of symptoms and risk factors, performing a comprehensive physical and neurological examination, and utilizing diagnostic tests to further evaluate the brain. Identifying actual or potential risks is crucial for the effective management of AD. By understanding the history and conducting a comprehensive assessment, healthcare professionals can develop appropriate strategies to support and care for individuals with AD.