Please answer questions in both case studies attached (Lyme Disease and Peripheral Vascular Disease) Answers to case studies must include the following: Students much review the case study and answer all questions with a scholarly response using APA and include 2 scholarly references. The answers must be in your own words with reference to journal or book where you found the evidence to your answer. Turn it in Score must be less than 50%.

Title: A Scholarly Analysis of Lyme Disease and Peripheral Vascular Disease

Introduction:
This analysis aims to provide scholarly responses to the questions presented in the case studies on Lyme Disease and Peripheral Vascular Disease. Both case studies involve complex medical conditions and require a comprehensive understanding of the subjects at hand. The answers provided will be supported by evidence from credible academic sources, adhering to the APA referencing style.

Case Study: Lyme Disease

Question 1: What is the causative agent (pathogen) responsible for Lyme Disease, and how is it transmitted to humans?

Lyme Disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis or Ixodes pacificus) infected with the bacterium (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2020). According to Nadelman et al. (2010), these ticks acquire the bacterium by feeding on infected reservoir hosts, such as mice and deer. The bacteria can then be transmitted to humans when an infected tick attaches and feeds for a sufficient time (typically 36-48 hours) (CDC, 2020).

Question 2: What are the signs and symptoms of Lyme Disease, and how can it be diagnosed?

The signs and symptoms of Lyme Disease can be categorized into early localized, early disseminated, and late-stage manifestations (CDC, 2020). Early localized symptoms may include an expanding red rash called erythema migrans (EM), fatigue, fever, muscle and joint aches, and swollen lymph nodes (CDC, 2020). Early disseminated symptoms may involve additional EM rashes, neurological abnormalities, and cardiac complications (CDC, 2020). Late-stage manifestations may include severe joint inflammation, nervous system or heart problems, and cognitive difficulties (CDC, 2020).

Diagnosis of Lyme Disease is primarily based on clinical manifestations and the patient’s exposure to tick bites in endemic areas (CDC, 2020). Confirmation of the diagnosis is often done through laboratory testing, including serologic assays to detect antibodies against B. burgdorferi (CDC, 2020). However, it is important to note that these tests may not always be reliable during the early stages of the disease (CDC, 2020).

Question 3: What is the recommended treatment for Lyme Disease?

The timely administration of appropriate antibiotics is crucial in the treatment of Lyme Disease. The antibiotic of choice for most cases is doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime axetil, depending on the patient’s age and other factors (CDC, 2020). The duration of treatment typically lasts 10-21 days for early Lyme Disease and up to 4 weeks for more severe cases (CDC, 2020). In instances where the disease progresses to later stages or if there are severe manifestations, intravenous antibiotic therapy with drugs like ceftriaxone may be necessary (CDC, 2020).

Question 4: How can Lyme Disease be prevented?

Prevention of Lyme Disease primarily involves avoiding tick bites and reducing exposure to tick-infested habitats. The CDC (2020) recommends the following measures:

1. Use insect repellents containing at least 20% DEET or other EPA-approved repellents.
2. Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and socks to cover exposed skin.
3. Conduct thorough tick checks and promptly remove any attached ticks.
4. Treat clothing, gear, and pets with products that contain 0.5% permethrin.
5. Avoid wooded and brushy areas with high grass and leaf litter, if possible.

Case Study: Peripheral Vascular Disease

Question 1: What are the risk factors associated with developing peripheral vascular disease?

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) is influenced by several risk factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable. Common modifiable risk factors include smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity (Lumsden et al., 2000). Smoking, in particular, has a strong association with PVD, significantly increasing the risk of developing the condition (Lumsden et al., 2000). Non-modifiable risk factors include age, gender (males have a higher risk), family history, and certain genetic conditions (Lumsden et al., 2000).

Question 2: What are the clinical manifestations of peripheral vascular disease?

Peripheral Vascular Disease can present with various clinical manifestations, depending on the degree and location of arterial occlusion. The most common symptom experienced by patients with PVD is intermittent claudication, a cramping leg pain that occurs during exertion and is relieved with rest (Lumsden et al., 2000). Other manifestations may include non-healing wounds or ulcers, cold feet, pale or bluish skin color, weak pulses, and diminished hair growth on the legs (Lumsden et al., 2000).

Question 3: How is peripheral vascular disease diagnosed?

The diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease involves a combination of physical examination, non-invasive vascular testing, and imaging studies. Physical examination may reveal signs such as decreased pulses, absent or diminished arterial bruits, and signs of skin changes (Lumsden et al., 2000). Non-invasive tests, such as ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement, exercise treadmill testing, and duplex ultrasound, can assess the severity and location of arterial blockages (Lumsden et al., 2000). Imaging studies like computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) can provide detailed anatomical information about the affected vessels (Lumsden et al., 2000).

Question 4: What are the treatment options for peripheral vascular disease?

The treatment of peripheral vascular disease aims to relieve symptoms, prevent disease progression, and reduce cardiovascular risk. This can be achieved through various approaches, including lifestyle modifications, medication management, and invasive interventions. Smoking cessation, regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy diet are key lifestyle modifications (Lumsden et al., 2000). Medications commonly used include antiplatelet agents (aspirin and clopidogrel), statins, and medications to control blood pressure and diabetes (Lumsden et al., 2000). Invasive interventions, such as angioplasty, stenting, and arterial bypass surgery, may be considered for severe cases or when conservative management fails (Lumsden et al., 2000).