Please chose 25 terms from Chapter 6, 25 terms from chapter 11 and 25 terms from chapter 12, in total 75 terms to define and submit by attaching a word document. You must do your own work. Similarities between two or more student’s assignment will constitute fraud and will receive a zero as a grade.
Chapter 6 Terms:
1. Cultural relativism – the belief that different societies have different standards and values, and that these should be understood and respected within their own cultural context.
2. Ethnocentrism – the tendency to judge other cultures based on the standards and values of one’s own culture.
3. Cultural anthropology – a branch of anthropology that focuses on the study of human cultures and societies, including their beliefs, customs, and social institutions.
4. Participant observation – a research method in anthropology in which the researcher immerses themselves in the culture being studied, participating in the activities and observing the behavior of the people.
5. Ethnography – a detailed description and analysis of a particular culture or society, typically based on fieldwork conducted by an anthropologist.
6. Subculture – a group within a larger culture that shares distinct patterns of behavior, beliefs, and values that set them apart from the dominant culture.
7. Enculturation – the process by which individuals learn and internalize the cultural behaviors, values, and beliefs of their society.
8. Cultural diffusion – the spread of cultural traits, such as ideas, technologies, and practices, from one society to another through trade, migration, or other forms of contact.
9. Cultural adaptation – the process by which individuals or societies adjust and respond to changes in their cultural or environmental contexts.
10. Cultural innovation – the creation and introduction of new cultural traits or practices within a society, often resulting from interaction with other cultures or technological advancements.
11. Cultural integration – the process of blending or incorporating different cultural elements into a unified whole, creating a cohesive and functional society.
12. Cultural imperialism – the dominance and influence of one culture over others, often through political or economic means, leading to the erosion of local cultures.
13. Symbol – an object, word, or gesture that represents something else, often with shared meaning within a cultural group.
14. Norm – a shared expectation or rule of behavior within a society, influencing how individuals should act and interact in different social contexts.
15. Taboo – a cultural prohibition or restriction on certain behaviors, objects, or practices, often deemed as morally or socially unacceptable.
16. Ritual – a repeated set of actions or behaviors that hold symbolic meaning within a cultural or religious context, often associated with specific ceremonies or events.
17. Belief system – a set of shared ideas, values, and religious or philosophical beliefs that guide individual and collective behavior within a society.
18. Worldview – the comprehensive framework of beliefs, values, and assumptions through which individuals interpret and understand the world around them.
19. Gender roles – the socially constructed expectations and behaviors associated with masculinity and femininity in a specific culture or society.
20. Socialization – the lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors of their society.
21. Power distance – a cultural dimension that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of a society accept and expect unequal distribution of power and authority.
22. Individualism – a cultural value that emphasizes personal freedom, independence, and individual achievement over collective or group interests.
23. Collectivism – a cultural value that prioritizes group harmony, cooperation, and interdependence over individual goals and autonomy.
24. Cultural relativism – the belief that different societies have different standards and values, and that these should be understood and respected within their own cultural context.
25. Ethnocentrism – the tendency to judge other cultures based on the standards and values of one’s own culture.
Chapter 11 Terms:
1. Human rights – universally recognized rights and freedoms that all individuals are entitled to, regardless of their nationality, race, gender, religion, or other characteristics.
2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights – a milestone document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, setting out the fundamental human rights to be universally protected.
3. Civil rights – the basic rights and freedoms that individuals have in a democratic society, including the right to freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, as well as the right to due process and equal protection under the law.
4. Political rights – the rights related to participation in the political process, such as the right to vote, run for office, and engage in political activities without fear of discrimination or repression.
5. Economic rights – the rights related to access to resources, employment, and a decent standard of living, such as the right to work, fair wages, and social security.
6. Social rights – the rights related to access to basic social services and welfare, such as education, healthcare, and housing.
7. Cultural rights – the rights related to the protection and promotion of cultural diversity and heritage, including the rights of indigenous peoples, minorities, and linguistic groups.
8. Gender rights – the rights related to gender equality and non-discrimination, including the elimination of gender-based violence and discrimination, and the promotion of women’s empowerment.
9. Children’s rights – the rights inherent to all children, including the right to protection, provision, and participation, as outlined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
10. Refugee rights – the rights of individuals fleeing persecution or conflict to seek asylum, protection, and a dignified treatment in another country, as enshrined in international refugee law.
11. Indigenous rights – the rights of indigenous peoples to self-determination, lands and resources, cultural preservation, and participation in decision-making that affects their communities.
12. LGBTQ+ rights – the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals to equality, non-discrimination, and protection against violence and persecution.
13. Disability rights – the rights of persons with disabilities to full and equal participation in society, including access to education, employment, and public services, as well as the right to reasonable accommodations.
14. Labor rights – the rights of workers to fair and safe working conditions, the right to form and join trade unions, and the right to collective bargaining.
15. Right to privacy – the right to be free from unwarranted interference or surveillance, as well as the right to control the collection, storage, and use of personal information.
16. Freedom of expression – the right to express one’s opinions, beliefs, and ideas without censorship or fear of reprisal, including the freedom of the press and access to information.
17. Freedom of religion – the right to practice one’s religion freely and without coercion, as well as the right to be free from religious persecution or discrimination.
18. Freedom of assembly – the right to peacefully gather and protest, as well as the right to participate in public demonstrations and events.
19. Right to education – the right to accessible and quality education for all individuals, without discrimination, and with a focus on the development of individual potential and skills.
20. Right to health – the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, including access to healthcare services, clean water, sanitation, and a safe environment.
Chapter 12 Terms:
1. Social stratification – the division of society into different hierarchal layers or classes based on factors such as wealth, power, and social status.
2. Class system – a social stratification system in which individuals are assigned to different social classes based on their occupation, income, and education, with some social mobility possible.
3. Caste system – a hereditary social stratification system in which individuals are born into a particular caste or social group, with limited or no opportunity for social mobility.
4. Social mobility – the ability of individuals to move up or down the social ladder, usually based on factors such as education, occupation, and income.
5. Meritocracy – a system in which social status and rewards are based on an individual’s abilities and achievements, rather than inherited or ascribed characteristics.
6. Income inequality – the unequal distribution of income within a society, often measured by indicators such as the Gini coefficient.
7. Wealth inequality – the unequal distribution of wealth or assets within a society, including property, investments, and other forms of economic resources.
8. Poverty – a condition characterized by a lack of basic necessities and resources, often resulting in deprivation, limited opportunities, and marginalization.
9. Social class – a group of individuals who share similar economic, social, and cultural characteristics, often determining their position and opportunities in society.
10. Upper class – the highest social class, typically characterized by wealth, political power, and influence.
11. Middle class – the social class between the upper and working classes, often characterized by relative financial stability, education, and professional occupations.
12. Working class – the social class associated with manual labor and lower-paying occupations, often lacking financial security and limited opportunities for social mobility.
13. Underclass – the lowest social class, characterized by extreme poverty, lack of access to resources, and limited participation in mainstream society.
14. Social inequality – the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and advantages among individuals and groups within a society.
15. Social stratification – the division of society into different hierarchal layers or classes based on factors such as wealth, power, and social status.
16. Social status – an individual’s position or rank within a social group or society, often determined by factors such as occupation, income, and education.
17. Occupational prestige – the social status and esteem associated with a particular occupation, often influenced by factors such as income, education, and skill level.
18. Social mobility – the ability of individuals to move up or down the social ladder, usually based on factors such as education, occupation, and income.
19. Intergenerational mobility – the change in social status or position between generations within a family or lineage, often reflecting shifts in social mobility over time.
20. Intra-generational mobility – the change in social status or position within an individual’s lifetime, often resulting from factors such as career advancement or financial success.