PLEASE FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS BELOW 4 REFERENCES ZERO PLAGIARISM Many children face special issues that impact everyday life, whether it is within themselves, their families, or their environment. The PMHNP must be sensitive to these many issues that children and adolescents are faced with during important developmental years. In this Discussion, you select a special population and analyze the psychological issues that the population faces. You also address the assessment and treatment needs of the population.
Introduction
Children and adolescents face unique psychological issues that can greatly impact their overall development and well-being. It is imperative for psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs) to have an understanding of these issues and be able to provide appropriate assessment and treatment. This discussion will focus on a special population, namely children and adolescents, and analyze the psychological issues they commonly face. Additionally, the assessment and treatment needs of this population will be explored.
Psychological Issues in Children and Adolescents
Children and adolescents experience a wide range of psychological issues that can have significant consequences on their mental and emotional health. One of the most prevalent issues is anxiety disorders, which can manifest as generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, or specific phobias (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). These disorders can severely impact a child’s ability to function in various settings, such as school or social situations, and may lead to maladaptive behaviors or avoidance.
Another significant psychological issue in this population is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (APA, 2013). This disorder can negatively affect a child’s academic performance, social relationships, and overall functioning. Effective assessment and treatment approaches are essential for managing the symptoms of ADHD and improving a child’s quality of life.
Depressive disorders are also prevalent among children and adolescents. Major depressive disorder (MDD) often presents with symptoms of persistent sadness, loss of interest, changes in appetite or weight, difficulty sleeping, and feelings of worthlessness (APA, 2013). If left untreated, MDD can lead to significant impairment in a child’s functioning and increase the risk of suicide.
In addition to anxiety, ADHD, and depressive disorders, children and adolescents may also struggle with behavioral disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD). ODD is characterized by recurrent patterns of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior towards authority figures (APA, 2013). CD, on the other hand, involves more severe behaviors, including aggression, violation of rules, and disregard for the rights of others (APA, 2013). These behavioral disorders can disrupt a child’s social and academic functioning and may lead to legal problems if left untreated.
Assessment and Treatment Needs
To address the psychological issues faced by children and adolescents, it is crucial to have comprehensive assessment and treatment approaches in place. Assessment should involve a thorough evaluation of the child’s presenting problems, medical history, developmental milestones, family dynamics, and psychosocial stressors (Hagan, Shaw, & Duncan, 2019). Standardized rating scales, such as the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) or the Conners’ Rating Scales, can also be used as part of the assessment process to gather information about the child’s behavior and symptoms.
Treatment for psychological issues in children and adolescents often involves a multimodal approach that includes psychotherapy and psychopharmacology. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based intervention that can be used to address various psychological issues in this population (Weisz, Jensen-Doss, & Hawley, 2006). CBT focuses on identifying and challenging negative thoughts and beliefs, developing coping skills, and promoting adaptive behaviors. This therapy can be delivered in individual or group settings, depending on the child’s needs and preferences.
Psychopharmacological interventions may also be necessary for certain psychological issues, such as ADHD or depressive disorders. Medications, such as stimulants or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can help manage symptoms and improve functioning (APA, 2013). However, medication should be carefully considered and monitored, and the benefits and risks should be thoroughly discussed with the child and their family.
Conclusion
Children and adolescents face a multitude of psychological issues that can significantly impact their development and overall well-being. PMHNPs must be knowledgeable about these issues and be equipped with assessment and treatment approaches specific to this population. By addressing the psychological needs of children and adolescents, PMHNPs can play a crucial role in promoting their mental health and assisting in their overall growth and development.