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The Role of Physical Activity in Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity, are major public health concerns globally. Physical activity has been recognized as a key factor in preventing and managing these chronic diseases. This systematic literature review aims to investigate the role of physical activity in preventing chronic diseases and to identify the most effective types, duration, and frequency of physical activity for reducing the risk of chronic diseases. The review includes studies published between 2010 and 2020 that explore the association between physical activity and chronic disease prevention. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted, and a total of 50 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings suggest that regular physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of developing chronic diseases. Specifically, high levels of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, combined with muscle-strengthening exercises, are most effective in preventing chronic diseases. The recommended duration of physical activity for chronic disease prevention is at least 150 minutes per week. Furthermore, evidence supports the notion that a combination of cardiovascular exercise, strength training, and flexibility exercises provides the most comprehensive protection against chronic diseases. Overall, this review highlights the importance of regular physical activity as a preventive measure for chronic diseases and provides recommendations for optimizing the beneficial effects of physical activity.
1. Introduction
Chronic diseases, also known as non-communicable diseases, are responsible for a significant portion of the global burden of disease. Conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and certain types of cancer contribute to premature mortality, disability, and reduced quality of life (World Health Organization [WHO], 2020a). The prevalence of these chronic diseases is increasing at an alarming rate, posing a significant challenge to healthcare systems worldwide. According to the WHO (2020b), non-communicable diseases account for an estimated 71% of all deaths globally, with approximately 15 million people between the ages of 30 and 70 dying prematurely each year due to these diseases.
Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for chronic diseases and is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes (Warburton et al., 2010). Epidemiological evidence has consistently demonstrated that regular physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of developing chronic diseases (Booth et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2012). However, despite the well-established benefits of physical activity, a significant proportion of the global population remains inactive. The WHO (2020c) reports that approximately 1 in 4 adults worldwide do not meet the recommended levels of physical activity.
Given the burden of chronic diseases and the potential preventive effects of physical activity, it is important to understand the optimal types and doses of physical activity for chronic disease prevention. Previous systematic reviews have reported on the association between physical activity and individual chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (Nocon et al., 2008) or diabetes (Wei et al., 2017). However, a comprehensive review that synthesizes the evidence across multiple chronic diseases is needed to provide a more holistic perspective on the role of physical activity in chronic disease prevention.
Therefore, this systematic literature review aims to investigate the role of physical activity in preventing chronic diseases and to identify the most effective types, duration, and frequency of physical activity for reducing the risk of chronic diseases. The review will focus on studies published between 2010 and 2020 to ensure the inclusion of recent evidence. The findings of this review will provide important insights for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and individuals seeking to reduce their risk of chronic diseases through physical activity.