Section IV: Conceptual Models and Grand Theories in the Unitary Transformative Paradigm Section V: Grand Theories about Care or Caring Chapter 16: Margaret Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness Chapter 17: Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality Chapter 18: Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring Discussion 5
In this discussion, we will explore three grand theories related to care or caring in the context of nursing. These theories are Margaret Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness, Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, and Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring.
Margaret Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness is based on the concept of health as a process of expanding consciousness. According to Newman, health is not merely the absence of disease, but a transformative process that involves the growth and development of an individual’s consciousness. She argues that health is a dynamic and evolving state that can be affected by both internal and external factors. This theory emphasizes the importance of understanding the unique perspective and experience of each individual in order to provide holistic and patient-centered care.
Newman’s theory is rooted in the philosophy of wholeness and holism. She believes that each person is a unique and indivisible whole, and that health is a process that integrates the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of a person’s being. According to Newman, nursing should focus on facilitating the expansion of consciousness in individuals, promoting their self-awareness and self-transformation.
Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality is a transcultural nursing theory that emphasizes the importance of cultural competence in nursing practice. Leininger argues that care is a universal human phenomenon, but the ways in which care is expressed and experienced are influenced by cultural factors. She asserts that providing culturally congruent care is essential for promoting health and well-being in individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Leininger’s theory is characterized by the concept of cultural care, which refers to the care practices, beliefs, and values that are specific to a particular culture. She argues that nursing should strive to understand and respect the cultural beliefs and practices of individuals in order to provide care that is meaningful and effective. This involves being aware of one’s own cultural biases and stereotypes, as well as seeking to acquire cultural knowledge and skills.
Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring is a middle-range theory that focuses on the promotion of caring relationships between nurses and patients. Watson argues that caring is the essence of nursing and is crucial for facilitating healing and promoting the well-being of individuals. She believes that caring is a moral and ethical imperative, grounded in humanistic values and the belief in the inherent worth and dignity of every individual.
According to Watson, caring is manifested through a range of intentional and authentic actions, such as being present, listening, empathizing, and providing comfort and support. She emphasizes the importance of establishing a genuine and trusting relationship with patients, based on mutual respect and understanding. Watson’s theory also incorporates the concept of transpersonal caring, which involves connecting with patients on a deeper, spiritual level.
In conclusion, these three grand theories – Margaret Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness, Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, and Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring – provide valuable frameworks for understanding and guiding nursing practice. They highlight the importance of holistic care, cultural competence, and caring relationships in promoting health and well-being. By incorporating these theories into their practice, nurses can enhance the quality and effectiveness of care provided to individuals in diverse healthcare settings.