The Course Outcome covered this week is CO1. CO1: Identify theories, concepts, and beliefs related to transcultural nursing. (PO1) Chapter 1 of Andrews and Boyle (2016) discusses Leininger’s Sunrise Model of transcultural nursing. However, other models are described and are important to acknowledge, as well. Readings: Andrews, M. M., & Boyle, J. S. (2016). (7th ed.). Philadelphia: PA. Wolters Kluwer.
Introduction
Transcultural nursing is an essential aspect of healthcare that recognizes and embraces the cultural diversity of patients. Understanding theories, concepts, and beliefs related to transcultural nursing provides nurses with the knowledge and skills necessary to provide culturally competent care. This paper will discuss Leininger’s Sunrise Model of transcultural nursing, as outlined in Chapter 1 of Andrews and Boyle (2016), as well as other models that are important to acknowledge.
Leininger’s Sunrise Model
Leininger’s Sunrise Model is one of the most well-known models in transcultural nursing. Madeleine Leininger, a nursing theorist and anthropologist, developed this model in the 1950s and 1960s. According to Leininger, the essence of nursing is caring and providing culturally congruent care. The Sunrise Model emphasizes the importance of understanding and integrating cultural beliefs, values, and practices into the nursing care provided to patients.
The Sunrise Model consists of three interrelated concepts: care, culture, and cultural care. Care refers to the core component of nursing, which involves assisting individuals, families, and communities in maintaining or regaining health. Culture is defined as the learned and shared beliefs, values, customs, practices, and lifeways of individuals within a particular group or population. Cultural care involves providing care that is consistent with the cultural beliefs, values, and practices of the patient.
The Sunrise Model also includes three levels of cultural care: generic, professional, and specific. Generic cultural care refers to the basic knowledge and understanding of cultural differences that all nurses should possess. It involves respecting and being sensitive to the cultural practices and beliefs of patients. Professional cultural care involves developing a deeper understanding of specific cultural norms and practices in order to provide more individualized care. Specific cultural care refers to providing care that is custom-tailored to the beliefs, values, and practices of an individual patient or family.
Other Models
While Leininger’s Sunrise Model is widely recognized and used in transcultural nursing, it is important to acknowledge other models as well. These models contribute to the overall understanding and practice of transcultural nursing. Some of the other notable models include the Cultural Heritage Assessment Model, Campinha-Bacote’s Model of Cultural Competence, and Giger and Davidhizar’s Transcultural Assessment Model.
The Cultural Heritage Assessment Model, developed by Spector, focuses on systematically assessing cultural beliefs, values, and practices. It consists of four steps: collecting cultural data, interpreting cultural data, formulating culturally appropriate nursing diagnoses and interventions, and delivering culturally competent care. This model provides a framework for nurses to gather relevant cultural information and incorporate it into their care plans.
Campinha-Bacote’s Model of Cultural Competence is based on a process of cultural competence development. This model includes five constructs: cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounters, and cultural desire. Cultural awareness refers to recognizing and appreciating one’s own cultural beliefs and biases. Cultural knowledge involves understanding the cultural norms and values of diverse patient populations. Cultural skill refers to the ability to effectively communicate and intervene with culturally diverse patients. Cultural encounters involve actively engaging with individuals from different cultures. Cultural desire is the motivation and commitment to provide culturally competent care.
Giger and Davidhizar’s Transcultural Assessment Model is focused on assessing cultural factors that may influence patient care. This model identifies six cultural phenomena that nurses should consider: communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variations. By using this model, nurses can gain a comprehensive understanding of how cultural factors may impact their patients’ healthcare experiences.
Conclusion
Understanding theories, concepts, and beliefs related to transcultural nursing is crucial for providing culturally competent care. Leininger’s Sunrise Model is a well-known model that highlights the importance of cultural congruence in nursing care. However, it is essential to acknowledge other models, such as the Cultural Heritage Assessment Model, Campinha-Bacote’s Model of Cultural Competence, and Giger and Davidhizar’s Transcultural Assessment Model, which contribute to the overall understanding and practice of transcultural nursing. By integrating these models into their practice, nurses can enhance their ability to deliver culturally sensitive and appropriate care to patients from diverse backgrounds.