This is a Master Degree Nurse Practioner program minimum of 350 words with at least 3 peer review reference in 7 the edition apa style.  Please do not use international references. Consider a situation in which an adult-gerontology or acute complex chronic patient exhibits symptoms of cardiovascular abnormalities related to perioperative risk factors. Purchase the answer to view it

Title: Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Adult-Gerontology and Acute Complex Chronic Patients: Perioperative Risk Factors

Introduction:
Cardiovascular abnormalities are a significant concern in adult-gerontology and acute complex chronic patients, particularly during the perioperative period. The perioperative phase, which encompasses the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods, is characterized by various risk factors that can potentially impact cardiovascular health. Identifying and managing these risk factors efficiently is crucial for ensuring optimal outcomes in surgical patients. This paper will explore the cardiovascular abnormalities that may arise in these patient populations and discuss perioperative risk factors associated with these conditions.

Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Adult-Gerontology and Acute Complex Chronic Patients:
Adult-gerontology and acute complex chronic patients are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular abnormalities due to various underlying health conditions. These patients often have comorbidities such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias, which can predispose them to perioperative cardiovascular complications. Additionally, aging itself is associated with structural and functional changes in the cardiovascular system, leading to decreased cardiac reserve and increased vulnerability to stressors.

During the perioperative period, cardiovascular abnormalities can manifest as myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, dysrhythmias, heart failure, and perioperative stroke. Myocardial ischemia, resulting from an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand, is a significant concern in this patient population. It can occur due to atherosclerotic plaques, thrombus formation, or increased myocardial oxygen demand during surgery. Dysrhythmias, namely atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia, are also relatively common in surgical patients, further increasing the risk of adverse outcomes.

Perioperative Risk Factors:
1. Preoperative Factors:
a. Age: Advancing age is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular abnormalities during the perioperative period. Age-related changes, such as increased arterial stiffness and reduced myocardial contractility, contribute to diminished cardiovascular reserve and increased vulnerability to stressors.

b. Comorbidities: Adult-gerontology and acute complex chronic patients often have pre-existing cardiovascular conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease. These comorbidities further raise the risk of perioperative cardiovascular complications.

2. Intraoperative Factors:
a. Surgical stress and anesthesia: The surgical stress response can lead to sympathetic activation, hypercoagulability, and hemodynamic changes, potentially resulting in myocardial ischemia, dysrhythmias, and heart failure. Anesthesia-related factors, including drug-induced hypotension and myocardial depression, can further exacerbate cardiovascular abnormalities.

b. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances: Intraoperative fluid shifts and electrolyte imbalances can impact cardiovascular function. Hypovolemia, for example, can lead to reduced myocardial perfusion and cardiac output, predisposing to ischemia and arrhythmias.

3. Postoperative Factors:
a. Acute pain and stress response: Pain and stress following surgery can trigger sympathetic activation, catecholamine release, and systemic inflammatory response, increasing the risk of adverse cardiovascular events.

b. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances: Postoperative fluid management is crucial for maintaining adequate cardiac preload, optimizing myocardial perfusion, and preventing fluid overload or dehydration, which can impact cardiovascular function.

Conclusion:
Adult-gerontology and acute complex chronic patients are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular abnormalities during the perioperative period. Understanding the underlying factors contributing to these abnormalities is essential for effective management and prevention of adverse outcomes. Addressing preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative risk factors is crucial in mitigating the cardiovascular risks associated with surgery in this patient population. Collaborative efforts involving healthcare providers, nurses, and other interdisciplinary team members are paramount to ensure optimal patient care and outcomes. By identifying and managing perioperative risk factors effectively, healthcare professionals can minimize the incidence and severity of cardiovascular abnormalities, leading to improved perioperative care for adult-gerontology and acute complex chronic patients.