IT HAS TO BE IN APA WITH CITATION AND AT LEAST 3 REFERENCE. Many children face special issues that impact everyday life, whether it is within themselves, their families, or their environment. The PMHNP must be sensitive to these many issues that children and adolescents are faced with during important developmental years. In this Discussion, you select a special population and analyze the psychological issues that the population faces. You also address the assessment and treatment needs of the population.
Introduction
Children and adolescents face various psychological issues that can significantly impact their everyday lives. These issues can stem from internal factors (such as mental health disorders), external factors (such as family dynamics and relationships), or environmental factors (such as societal pressures and peer influence). As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP), it is crucial to recognize and understand these issues to provide appropriate assessment and treatment for this special population. In this discussion, we will focus on the psychological issues faced by children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and explore their assessment and treatment needs.
Psychological Issues in Children and Adolescents with ADHD
ADHD is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood, with symptoms often persisting into adolescence and adulthood. The core symptoms of ADHD include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which can significantly impact a child’s functioning in various settings, such as school, home, and social interactions (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Children and adolescents with ADHD often struggle with executive function impairments, including difficulties with organization, time management, and working memory (Frazier et al., 2017). Additionally, they may experience challenges with social skills, self-esteem, and emotional regulation (Larson et al., 2014).
Children and adolescents with ADHD may also face comorbid mental health disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders (Biederman et al., 2018; Wolraich et al., 2019). These comorbidities can further complicate their psychological well-being and contribute to academic and social difficulties.
Assessment Needs of Children and Adolescents with ADHD
The assessment of children and adolescents with ADHD involves a comprehensive evaluation that considers various domains of functioning. The evaluation typically includes gathering information from multiple sources, such as parents, teachers, and the child or adolescent themselves. Diagnostic criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) serve as a guideline for assessing ADHD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). It is essential to differentiate ADHD symptoms from normative childhood behaviors and rule out other medical or psychiatric conditions that may mimic or coexist with ADHD.
Parent and teacher rating scales, such as the Vanderbilt Assessment Scale, are commonly used to assess ADHD symptoms and impairment. These scales can provide valuable information about the presence and severity of ADHD symptoms across different settings, helping to establish a comprehensive picture of the child’s difficulties (Wolraich et al., 2019). Additionally, direct observation and clinical interviews with the child or adolescent can provide further insight into their experiences and functioning. The assessment process also involves assessing for comorbid mental health disorders, as their presence can impact treatment planning and outcomes.
Treatment Needs of Children and Adolescents with ADHD
The treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD usually involves a multimodal approach that combines pharmacotherapy, psychosocial interventions, and educational support. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine derivatives, are considered first-line treatments for ADHD due to their demonstrated efficacy in reducing core ADHD symptoms (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019). The PMHNP plays a crucial role in evaluating the appropriateness of medication therapy, monitoring medication response, managing side effects, and providing psychoeducation to the child or adolescent and their family.
Psychosocial interventions, such as behavioral therapy and parent training, are integral components of ADHD treatment. Behavioral therapy aims to enhance self-control, improve organization skills, and promote adaptive social behaviors (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019). Parent training programs focus on educating parents about ADHD, teaching behavior management strategies, and assisting in establishing consistent routines and expectations at home. These interventions help improve the child’s overall functioning and enhance the management of ADHD symptoms in both home and school settings. Additionally, individual counseling and social skills training can be beneficial for children and adolescents struggling with emotional regulation, self-esteem, and social difficulties.
Educational support is crucial for children and adolescents with ADHD, given their academic challenges. Collaborating with teachers and school personnel to implement accommodations and modifications, such as extra time for assignments, preferential seating, and individualized education plans (IEPs), can optimize their academic performance (Wolraich et al., 2019). The PMHNP can work closely with the school system to advocate for appropriate educational support and ensure that the child or adolescent’s needs are met in an inclusive and supportive environment.
Conclusion
Children and adolescents with ADHD experience various psychological issues that impact their everyday lives. Understanding these issues, conducting comprehensive assessments, and implementing appropriate treatments are essential for the PMHNP working with this special population. By addressing their unique needs, the PMHNP can help children and adolescents with ADHD improve their overall well-being, enhance their academic and social functioning, and maximize their potential for a successful and fulfilling life.