Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to “Communicable Disease Chain,” “Chain of Infection,” and the CDC website for assistance when completing this assignment. A minimum of three peer-reviewed or professional references is required. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
Introduction
The field of epidemiology is crucial in understanding and controlling communicable diseases. By studying the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations, epidemiologists can identify risk factors, develop interventions, and monitor the effectiveness of disease prevention strategies. This paper aims to apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a specific communicable disease, in this case, influenza. Through an analysis of the communicable disease chain, the chain of infection, and by referencing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, this paper will provide a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of influenza.
Communicable Disease Chain
The communicable disease chain is a concept that helps us understand how diseases are transmitted from one person to another. It consists of six links: infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host (Stanford Health Care, n.d.). In the case of influenza, the infectious agent is the influenza virus. It is primarily transmitted via respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The virus can also survive on surfaces for a short period of time, allowing indirect transmission through contact with contaminated surfaces. The reservoir for influenza is humans, specifically individuals who are in the acute phase of infection. They can spread the virus to others before they start experiencing symptoms or even if they never develop symptoms.
The portal of exit for influenza is primarily the respiratory tract. Infected individuals release the virus into the environment through respiratory secretions. The mode of transmission is primarily through respiratory droplets, which can be inhaled by individuals in close proximity to the infected person. Indirect transmission can also occur when a person touches a contaminated surface and then touches their face, allowing the virus to enter through the portal of entry, which is typically the eyes, nose, or mouth. Finally, the susceptible host refers to individuals who are not immune or vaccinated against influenza. Factors that increase susceptibility include age (very young or elderly), underlying health conditions, and compromised immune systems.
Chain of Infection
The chain of infection is another framework that helps us understand how diseases are transmitted. It consists of six links: infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host (CDC, 2012). In the context of influenza, the infectious agent is the influenza virus. It is an enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family. There are three main types of influenza viruses: A, B, and C. Influenza A viruses are further classified into different subtypes based on the surface antigens hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The reservoir for the influenza virus is humans, specifically individuals who are infected with the virus.
The portal of exit for influenza is primarily the respiratory tract. Infected individuals release the virus through coughing, sneezing, and even talking. The mode of transmission for influenza is primarily through respiratory droplets, which are expelled when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets contain the virus and can be inhaled by individuals in close proximity. Indirect transmission can also occur when a person touches a contaminated surface and then touches their face, allowing the virus to enter through the portal of entry, which is typically the eyes, nose, or mouth. Finally, the susceptible host refers to individuals who are not immune or vaccinated against influenza. Factors that increase susceptibility include age, underlying health conditions, and compromised immune systems.
Epidemiology of Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus. It affects millions of people worldwide, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality each year (World Health Organization, 2020). Influenza outbreaks typically occur in seasonal patterns, with peak activity during the winter months in temperate regions. The severity of influenza can vary from mild to severe, with complications such as pneumonia being more common in certain populations, such as the elderly, young children, pregnant women, and individuals with underlying health conditions.
The epidemiology of influenza is influenced by various factors. Firstly, the antigenic variability of the influenza virus plays a significant role in the occurrence of influenza outbreaks. The frequent antigenic changes in the viral surface proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, allow the virus to evade pre-existing immunity and cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. The high mutation rate of the virus contributes to its antigenic variability, making it necessary to update the influenza vaccine annually.
Secondly, population dynamics and behavior contribute to the spread of influenza. Crowded living conditions, such as schools, nursing homes, and military barracks, increase the likelihood of transmission. Additionally, social factors, such as travel and gatherings, play a role in the dissemination of the virus. The movement of infected individuals can lead to the introduction of influenza into new populations, resulting in outbreaks.
Furthermore, the susceptibility of the population to influenza is influenced by vaccination coverage. The influenza vaccine is an essential tool in preventing the spread of the virus and reducing the severity of illness. However, vaccine coverage varies across populations and can affect the overall burden of influenza in a community. High vaccination rates, particularly among high-risk groups, can significantly decrease the incidence of influenza and its complications.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research are valuable in understanding and controlling communicable diseases, such as influenza. By analyzing the communicable disease chain, the chain of infection, and referring to reputable sources like the CDC website, a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of influenza can be achieved. The influenza virus is capable of causing widespread illness and has the potential to cause severe complications, particularly in vulnerable populations. Vaccination and behavioral interventions are key strategies in preventing influenza transmission and reducing the burden of the disease. Continued research and surveillance are essential to inform public health efforts and mitigate the impact of influenza on global health.